This is vocabulary, not legal advice. Knowing what a term means is a different thing from knowing how it applies to your situation \u2014 that depends on facts, jurisdiction and timing, and it's what lawyers are for. The terms are mostly United States usage; other systems use different words for similar ideas.
What you'd probably say, and what the document, the agency or the lawyer calls it. Most of the confusion in this field comes from words that sound interchangeable and carry entirely different force.
Law divides by subject, and the divisions are real \u2014 a superb contracts lawyer may be no use at all on an immigration matter. Naming the area is the first step to finding the right person.
The working vocabulary, from where law comes from through to how influence gets exercised on it.
Legal writing is dense with citation formats and Latin. Here's how to read a reference and what the phrases mean.